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Greetings,
I am very glad to find this forum and related wiki.

I got into a strange confusion about segment:offset notation in Real-Mode assembly. I read many references but couldn't find the exact answer.

What I know:
In real mode we have a 16bits segment selector and 16bits offset. To create an effective address, processor multiplies segment by 16 and adds offset to it.

We have CS, DS, SS, and ES as segment selectors available. CS is for Code segment and others are used for stack and data.

Now the confusion:
If I want to access a variable in seg 12h and offset 4Ah: Right?
So when will I use ds:ax notation? Does the code below work? When will the processor implicity use ss or es or ds to calculate the effective address?
Do I have to change DS each time I want to access from another segment? Is that enough?

This is very basic information that can be easily found on many places on the web. Try the Intel manuals or the Art of Assembly Language.

I have all the Intel programming manuals and AMD manuals (which are very similar). I read them. I read both genereal and system programming. Now I think I know all stuff about paging and ENTER instruction! But still can't find this simple thing explicitly noted anywhere. NASM says 1> error: invalid segment override This time NASM says error: invalid effective address

[EDIT]
I am trying to find an assembly book for 8086. There I think I can find it.

Table 2-1 in the Intel Manual Vol 2A details the allowable addressing modes in real mode. You will note that [cl] is not one of them (which makes sense as cl holds an 8-bit value; neither is [cx] which might seem more reasonable). The rules for segment overrides are fairly straightforward. Most instructions assume that the offset is relative to the DS segment. You can override this. A few instructions assume that the offset is relative to the ES or SS register; the description of the instruction in the manual will tell you which. You really shouldn't have a lot of need to override segments.

You cannot use the form xxxx:yyyy as an address; you must use a segment register. But it's far easier just to use the default DS, which you don't need to specify.

Hence your first error (you tried to use a value directly rather than a segment register) and your second error (you used an invalid addressing mode). I suggest that you read a simple tutorial on assembler programming as well as the manuals; all the information is in them but it can be difficult to see the wood for the trees.

You only need to use a segment override if you are trying to access data in an unusual place.

mov ax, [bx] is the same as move ax, ds:[bx], because the ds register will be assumed unless you specify otherwise. If , for some reason, you had data poked away in the code segment, and you wanted to get at that, then you would have to use a segment override - mov ax, cs:[bx].

The bp register is a bit unusual, because it is the only one for which mov ax, [bp] does not default to mov ax, ds:[bp]. Instead it defaults to mov ax, ss:[bp]. Therefore, if you wanted to use the bp register to access something in the data segment, you would have to do, mov ax, ds:[bp].

siavoshkc wrote:

Code: Select all

mov ds, 0x7FE0

This instruction does not exist. We can not move directly immediate value into a segment register.
Only from a general purpose register, a memory location, or from poping the stack. Dirk

Thank you.

So what I know now is that:
-Each memory Read/Write uses one segment selector implicitly.
-Instruction fetches use cs, stack access uses ss, data references use ds and string instructions use es
-We can override default selector register for each instructions but not all instructions support that. This will be done by putting a prefix for instruction which tells the processor to use the specified selector register instead of the default one.
-We can load segment selectors with lxs instructions, by mov instruction or a pop instruction.

The most comprehensive explanation for this topic I found so far is in section 5.3.3.1 of the Intel manual, vol 1, titled "SPECIFYING A SEGMENT SELECTOR"

Thanks again for rapid answers.

stack access uses ss

Not quite. accesses (implicitly) using *bp or *sp use SS

string instructions use es

Wrong. They use a mix of DS, ES, or both depending on the instruction.

Combuster wrote:

stack access uses ss

Not quite. accesses (implicitly) using *bp or *sp use SS

string instructions use es

Wrong. They use a mix of DS, ES, or both depending on the instruction.

So what about ?

[EDIT]
I admit this one was stupid because only [bx] needs address calculation.

siavoshkc wrote:So what about

http://www.csc.depauw.edu/~bhoward/asmtut/asmtut2.html

siavoshkc wrote: So what about

Code: Select all

mov [bx], sp

?

you are not using sp to reference memory there, the memory reference is in bx, which means DS will be used

however all of these: would use SS instead of DS (by default, of course, you can use a DS: seg override to change this)

Do we have any instruction in real mode having two memory operands?

There's MOVSx for that.